This article explores and explains the meaning and characteristics of population balance, arguing that population balance is characterized by complexity,dialectical unity,pluralistic and stereoscopic nature. Demographic equilibrium theory which has achieved a major breakthrough in modern science of population is the "gravity center" for population development and provides theoretical support for the scientific decision-making. Development of China’s population has successively experienced "survival","growing",and "developing" balanced states. Implementation of "comprehensive development of human resources","urban and rural integration" and "the main functional region" strategies is the necessary option for building a population-balanced society.